linux操作系统中常见的进程管理命令有哪些

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Oracle自身已经提供了很多这类型的工具，如oradebug、各种等待事件和跟踪方式。此外，各类型的操作系统提供出很多系统级别工具，

所谓操作系统，是应用程序与服务器硬件进行沟通的中间层。应用程序的所有操作，都是和操作系统进行沟通交互。操作系统负责将所有交互转化为设备语言，进行硬件交互。

我们在进行Oracle故障调试和内核原理工作的时候，经常需要了解后台运行的动作和细节。一些故障场景，如程序进程hang住、无法登陆等问题，就需要操作系统级别监控，检查定位问题。

Oracle自身已经提供了很多这类型的工具，如oradebug、各种等待事件和跟踪方式。此外，各类型的操作系统提供出很多系统级别工具，帮助我们进行监控。本篇主要介绍Linux环境中的strace工具典型使用方法，留待需要朋友待查。

1、环境介绍

笔者使用红帽Red Hat 6.5进行测试。

[root@XXX-Standby-Asm ~]# cat /etc/RedHat-release

Red Hat Enterprise Linux Server release 6.5 (Santiago)

[root@XXX-Standby-Asm ~]# uname -a

Linux XXX-Standby-Asm 2.6.32-431.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Sun Nov 10 22:19:54 EST 2013 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux

对应使用Oracle版本为11.2.0.4。

[oracle@XXX-Standby-Asm ~]$ sqlplus /nolog

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Tue Jun 16 16:39:21 2015

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

SQL> conn / as sysdba

Connected.

SQL> select * from v$version;

BANNER

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Oracle Database 11g Enterprise Edition Release 11.2.0.4.0 - 64bit Production

PL/SQL Release 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

CORE 11.2.0.4.0 Production

TNS for Linux: Version 11.2.0.4.0 - Production

NLSRTL Version 11.2.0.4.0 – Production

2、Strace命令信息

使用-h参数，可以调用出strace命令的语法格式和各个使用参数。

[oracle@XXX-Standby-Asm ~]$ strace -h

usage: strace [-dDffhiqrtttTvVxx] [-a column] [-e expr] ... [-o file]

[-p pid] ... [-s strsize] [-u username] [-E var=val] ...

[command [arg ...]]

or: strace -c [-D] [-e expr] ... [-O overhead] [-S sortby] [-E var=val] ...

[command [arg ...]]

-c -- count time, calls, and errors for each syscall and report summary

-f -- follow forks, -ff -- with output into separate files

-F -- attempt to follow vforks, -h -- print help message

-i -- print instruction pointer at time of syscall

-q -- suppress messages about attaching, detaching, etc.

-r -- print relative timestamp, -t -- absolute timestamp, -tt -- with usecs

-T -- print time spent in each syscall, -V -- print version

-v -- verbose mode: print unabbreviated argv, stat, termio[s], etc. args

-x -- print non-ascii strings in hex, -xx -- print all strings in hex

-a column -- alignment COLUMN for printing syscall results (default 40)

-e expr -- a qualifying expression: option=[!]all or option=[!]val1[,val2]...

options: trace, abbrev, verbose, raw, signal, read, or write

-o file -- send trace output to FILE instead of stderr

-O overhead -- set overhead for tracing syscalls to OVERHEAD usecs

-p pid -- trace process with process id PID, may be repeated

-D -- run tracer process as a detached grandchild, not as parent

-s strsize -- limit length of print strings to STRSIZE chars (default 32)

-S sortby -- sort syscall counts by: time, calls, name, nothing (default time)

-u username -- run command as username handling setuid and/or setgid

-E var=val -- put var=val in the environment for command

-E var -- remove var from the environment for command

在诸多参数中，比较常用的有如下几个：

ü -t参数：可以显示调用操作系统过程的时间。这个在诊断中很重要，如果发现某一个执行过程时间消耗大，就可以定位到是什么问题；

ü -p参数：strace除了可以从进程启动时候开始监控之外，还可以根据操作系统进程编号，进入一个运行中的进程进行debug；

ü -o参数：输出结果如果需要以文件方式保存，就通过-o参数指定文件名称；

ü -e参数：监控表达式。提供trace、signal、read和write等内容，反映监控方面项目。常用的参数是trace=file，集中在操作系统文件访问层面。

下面，通过两个典型应用场景，来演示一下strace应用。

3、启动程序监控

strace监控研究的一个重要范例是sqlplus，很多前辈使用这个工具来测试跟踪sqlplus启动过程访问的文件形式。启动strace监控sqlplus，就是在strace命令后直接输入sqlplus命令即可。

--启动命令

[oracle@localhost ~]$ strace -t -e trace=file sqlplus /nolog

14:21:14 execve("/u01/app/oracle/bin/sqlplus", ["sqlplus", "/nolog"], [/* 31 vars */]) = 0 –启动命令

14:21:14 access("/etc/ld.so.preload", R_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/lib/tls/x86_64/libsqlplus.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 stat("/u01/app/oracle/lib/tls/x86_64", 0x7fff3076da50) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/lib/tls/libsqlplus.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 stat("/u01/app/oracle/lib/tls", 0x7fff3076da50) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/lib/x86_64/libsqlplus.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 stat("/u01/app/oracle/lib/x86_64", 0x7fff3076da50) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/lib/libsqlplus.so", O_RDONLY) = 3

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/lib/libclntsh.so.11.1", O_RDONLY) = 3

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/lib/libnnz11.so", O_RDONLY) = 3

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/lib/libdl.so.2", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

（篇幅原因，有省略……）

14:21:14 access("/etc/tnsnav.ora", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 access("/u01/app/oracle/network/admin/tnsnav.ora", F_OK) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/oracore/zoneinfo", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC) = 6

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/oracore/zoneinfo/timezlrg_1.dat", O_RDONLY) = 7

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/oracore/zoneinfo/timezlrg_2.dat", O_RDONLY) = 7

（读取各种时区数据……）

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/oracore/zoneinfo/timezone_14.dat", O_RDONLY) = 7

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/oracore/zoneinfo/timezlrg_14.dat", O_RDONLY) = 6

14:21:14 open("/usr/lib64/libnuma.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 open("/usr/lib64/libnuma.so.1", O_RDONLY) = 6

14:21:14 open("/proc/self/status", O_RDONLY) = 6

14:21:14 open("/sys/devices/system/node", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC) = 6

14:21:14 open("/sys/devices/system/node/node0/meminfo", O_RDONLY) = 7

14:21:14 open("/sys/devices/system/cpu", O_RDONLY|O_NONBLOCK|O_DIRECTORY|O_CLOEXEC) = 6

14:21:14 open("/proc/self/status", O_RDONLY) = 6

14:21:14 open("/proc/sys/kernel/shmmax", O_RDONLY) = 6

14:21:14 open("/proc/meminfo", O_RDONLY) = 6

14:21:14 open("/usr/lib64/libnuma.so", O_RDONLY) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 open("/etc/localtime", O_RDONLY) = 6

14:21:14 open("/u01/app/oracle/rdbms/mesg/ocius.msb", O_RDONLY) = 6

SQL*Plus: Release 11.2.0.4.0 Production on Fri Jun 12 14:21:14 2015

Copyright (c) 1982, 2013, Oracle. All rights reserved.

--启动之后，读取的文件。

14:21:14 stat("login.sql", 0x7fff3076c740) = -1 ENOENT (No such file or directory)

14:21:14 stat("/u01/app/oracle/sqlplus/admin/glogin.sql", {st_mode=S_IFREG|0644, st_size=368, ...}) = 0

14:21:14 access("/u01/app/oracle/sqlplus/admin/glogin.sql", F_OK) = 0

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